Philosophical Study -- Nietzsche, The Will to Power（1）

理想社会是什么样的，不同的人对于这一观念都会有不同的定义，基于他们所经历的。
对于尼采来说，一个理想的社会便是由超人所组成的社会。
 
 “超人“，这个词在尼采的德语阐述中为：”Übermensch“，那么什么是超人，如何成为超人，很简单，具有创造性。
 
在尼采的著名书籍中《Also sprach Zarathustra》（查拉图斯特拉如是说）有一篇文章名为《三段变化》，这篇文章可以很好地解释何为“超人”。
 
尼采用三种生物：骆驼、狮子、婴儿来譬喻人类精神的变化。精神会由骆驼变成狮子，再由狮子变成婴儿。这么看很玄乎对吧，那我们来一个一个剖析。
 
骆驼是第一个精神阶段（负重）。 “精神的强力渴望重和更重的负担”
 
负荷的重力越大，承受越多的苦难，精神便会被锻炼的越发坚韧。 我经常在街头看到中学生，觉得他们真是非常辛苦，就和我那时候一样，每天上学背着沉重的书包。尼采认为，处于这个精神阶段，人们趋向于去承担更大的负担，就犹如背着重负趋向沙漠的骆驼，他们的精神也如此匆忙的冲向了它的沙漠。
 
人们作为“骆驼”，拥有十分强大的精神力，但依然面对一个重大的阻碍，这个阻碍叫做“you should”。也就是自上而下的道德，道德是一个又一个以”should“或是”shouldn’t‘“为开头的祈使句。尼采描述道德为悬挂在每个人头顶的象征着美德的石碑。道德就像这个石碑，自上而下，他们是戒律，来自于任何意识传输者（领导，君王，宗教，信仰，导师，父母，智者。。。。）
 
道德这种自上而下的权威性带了的问题是，它淹没了人的“具体个人“（你的需求不重要，你的道德想要你干什么才重要），就比如人们对于长辈要的态度，对于性取向的态度等等，个人思想被社会道德狠狠的践踏，他的自上而下性不允许我们产生异议。因此道德往往不代表美好生活，它很多时候也可能成为阻碍生活的障碍。
 
这便是骆驼的问题，也是他最终驶向精神荒漠的原因。处于这个精神阶段的人们一味的负重，为了高高在上的“正确”和“应该”所背负，被道德所绑架。骆驼从来不会反思也不会问为什么，他们所做的只是抱着敬畏之心盲从一切社会道德，无论好坏。因此，这样的精神丧失了独立性和创造性，只剩下了服从性。
 
p.s 尼采所讨论的“自上而下”的道德并不代表了道德的全部，只是特指了这些高高在上的道德。自下而上的基于经历的和孕育自社会习俗中的道德以及个人道德都不在尼采的讨论范围之内，不是一棒子打死。（这也是尼采很容易被误读的原因，后面还会有很多这种走在钢丝上的理论，一不小心就可能会歪）

Different people have different definitions of what an ideal society would be, based on what they've experienced.
For Nietzsche, the ideal society is a society of supermen.
 
The word "superman" in Nietzsche's German interpretation is "Ubermensch". So what is a superman and how to be a superman: creativity.
 
In Nietzsche's famous book ”Also Sprach Zarathustra“, there is a passage called "The Three Metamorphoses" that is a good explanation of what a superman is.
 
Nietzsche uses three kinds of creatures: camel, lion, baby to compare the change of human mind. The mind and spirit changes from a camel to a lion, and from a lion to a baby. It's a little confusing, isn't it? Let's break it down one by one.
 
The camel is the first mental stage (load bearing). "The spirit's mighty longing for heavy and heavier burdens"
 
The greater the weight of the load, the more suffering, the more tenacious the spirit and mind will be trained. I often see middle school students in the street, think they are really very hard, just like me at that time, every day to go to school with a heavy bag. In Nietzsche's view, at this mental stage, people tend to take on a greater burden, like camels carrying a heavy burden to the desert, and their spirit so hastily rushes to its desert.
 
As "camels", people have very strong spirit and mental power, but they still face a major obstacle, which is called "you should". That's morality from the top down, these morality are imperative sentence after imperative sentence starting with "You should" or "You shouldn't". Nietzsche described morality as a monument of virtue hanging over everyone's head. Morals are like this stone tablet, from top to bottom, they are commandments, from any transmission of consciousness (leader, king, religion, faith, teacher, parent, wise man...).
 
Moral the top-down authority with the problem is that it covered the "individual person" (what you need is not important, what your moral want you to do is important), such as people's attitude to their elders, towards sexual orientation, etc., the individual thought is social morality mercilessly trampled, his top-down property does not allow us to object. Therefore, morality often does not represent a good life, and it can often become an obstacle to life.
 
That's the problem with the camel, and that's why they ended up in a spiritual desert. In this mental stage, people blindly load, in order to carry the "right" and "should" on the high, kidnapped by morality. Camels never reflect or ask why, all they do is follow all social morals, good and bad, with awe. Therefore, such a spirit loses independence and creativity, and only obedience is left.
 
P. s. Nietzsche's discussion of "top-down" morality does not represent the whole of morality, but specifically refers to these high morality. Bottom-up morality based on experience and nurtured from social conventions as well as individual morality are not part of Nietzsche's discussion. (This is one of the reasons why Nietzsche is so easily misinterpreted, and there will be more of these high-wire theories that can go sideways if you're not careful.)