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By Eric Zhang

Philosophical research -- Hegel and Nietzsche

6/6/2022

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Equality:Slaves develop themselves in the process of labor
↓
Attitudes towards violent death:Master-slave relationship formed
↓
Violent struggle:The desire for recognition
↓
Others orientation:Self-awareness

如果我们把上面这个连接关系,看作是尼采观点中的“骆驼狮子和孩子”理论,那么在黑格尔所构筑的世界中,奴隶已经开始从骆驼到狮子的转变了,但是他用的方法是平等。而这,就是尼采不认同的地方。
 
尼采反对“平等意识“,他认为人的“创造性”无法从平等意识中生出来,人的创造性来源于优越意识。人们发明新的产品来代替旧的产品,人之所以会创造出什么,根本的动机就是现有的旧东西不够用了。

那么人们凭什么认为自己能做出不同于现有的东西呢?因为人们相信他们有这个能力,不是和别人一样优秀的能力,而是别人不具备的能力,得比别人更优秀。人只有发自内心的觉得自己比别人更好,哪怕只是比别人更好的欲望,创造才会发生。缺乏这种自认天选的锐气和雄心,人会缺乏创造性反而变得怠惰,最后摆烂 自由与平等,一直是政治学上被反复拉扯的两端。举个例子,作为一个领导,你引领10个人,这十个人中有5个是公司的老手,有更多的工作经验和更强的工作能力,而另外5个是新来的,对公司的业务和市场环境知之甚少。领导为了让团队更高效的工作,创造更大的效益,最佳的策略是什么呢。
 
第一种:承认能力和经验上的差距,将更多的资源给到优秀的员工,让他们创造更大的价值,但新员工便会因此而感到不被重视,团队会因此丧失活力。第二种:对每个员工一视同仁,新员工会得到心理上的满足,但是老员工会认为不公平,凭什么新来的啥都没干就拥有和我一样的机会,老员工会因此觉得努力的不必要性,团队还是会失去活力。
 
以上这个场景就是一个极端自由的社会和绝对平等的社会的缩影。极端的自由会破坏平等,但也因此爆发出更多的创造力,绝对的平等能够保证每位成员获得同等的尊重和待遇,但也会使得所有人更为低效的工作。黑格尔和尼采的观点冲突正在于此。
 
黑格尔愿意牺牲一点自由,因为他认为平等不会损害创造性,“奴隶“在劳动的过程中逐渐发展出自己的创造性,停滞不前毫无进步的是“主人“。而尼采愿意为了自由牺牲平等,因为他完全不认为平等和创造性之间有任何关系,创造性纯粹的来自于拥有和维护优越意识的”主人“。
两边的立场没有对错,都能够自圆其说,都可以找到很多例证:前者来看,中国的戏曲和相声都来自民间,如今的网络时代更是把全世界民众的创造力推向了新的高度,人们每天刷到和看到的视频,少有的来自社会精英,很多都是普通人的作品。后者来看,所谓的“主人“也不全都是废人,他们并不甘心纯躺平啥也不干,他们作为上层阶级,却选择创造价值,著名科学家牛顿就出身贵族阶级,拿尼采自己举例,他也出身贵族,父亲曾担任四位公主的教师,自己祖上也是波兰贵族血统,而这种出身的尼采在哲学思想方面的穿透力和创造力毋庸置疑。
 
平等与自由,大众与精英,政治从来都是平衡的艺术。


​Equality:Slaves develop themselves in the process of labor
↓
Attitudes towards violent death:Master-slave relationship formed
↓
Violent struggle:The desire for recognition
↓
Others orientation:Self-awareness

If we think of this connection as Nietzsche's "camel lion and child" theory, then Hegel has constructed a world in which the slave has already made the transition from camel to lion, but by means of equality. And this is where Nietzsche disagrees.

Nietzsche opposes "equality consciousness". He believes that human creativity cannot be born from equality consciousness and human creativity comes from superiority consciousness. People invent new products to replace old ones. The fundamental motivation for people to create anything is that the existing old things are not enough.

So what makes people think they can make anything different than what they already have? Because people believe they have the ability, not the ability to be as good as others, but the ability that others do not have, to be better than others. Creativity only happens when people have a visceral desire to feel better than others, even if only better than others. Without this sense of ambition and determination, a man becomes inert instead of creative, and ends up with the tug of war between liberty and equality that has long been the subject of political science. For example, as a leader, you lead 10 people, 5 of the 10 people are old hands in the company with more work experience and stronger working ability, while the other 5 are newcomers who know little about the company's business and market environment. What is the best strategy for leaders to make the team work more efficiently and create greater benefits?

The first is to admit the gap in ability and experience and allocate more resources to excellent employees so that they can create greater value. However, new employees will feel undervalued and the team will lose energy. The second way is to treat every employee equally. The new employees will get psychological satisfaction, but the old employees will think it unfair that the new employee has the same opportunity as me without doing anything. Therefore, the old employees will think it is not necessary to work hard, and the team will still lose vitality.

The scene above is a microcosm of a society of extreme freedom and absolute equality. Extreme freedom destroys equality, but it also explodes more creativity. Absolute equality ensures that everyone gets the same respect and treatment, but it also makes everyone work less efficiently. This is where the views of Hegel and Nietzsche collide.

Hegel was willing to sacrifice a little freedom because he believed that equality did not harm creativity, that the "slave" gradually developed his own creativity in the process of labor, and that the "master" stagnated and made no progress. Nietzsche was willing to sacrifice equality for freedom because he did not think that equality had anything to do with creativity, which came purely from the "master" who possessed and maintained a sense of superiority.
On both sides of the position is right or wrong, to be able to justify, can find a lot of examples: the former view, Chinese traditional opera and crosstalk are from folk, today's network times is the world people's creativity into a new level, people brush every day to see video, one of the social elite, many of them are ordinary people. That perspective, the so-called "owner" are all handicapped, they are not willing to pure lie flat what also not stem, as the upper class, they chose to create value, the famous scientist Isaac Newton was born to the purple class, Nietzsche himself, for example, he is a man of noble birth, his father, a former four princess teachers, their ancestors and polish aristocratic descent, However, Nietzsche's penetration and creativity in philosophical thinking from this background are beyond doubt.

Equality and liberty, mass and elite, politics has always been the art of balance.





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Philosophical research -- Hegel, Master-Slave dialectic (II)

6/3/2022

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主奴辩证法:
主奴关系形成之后并不代表着将永久地持续下去,主人有奴隶帮忙完成所有工作,自己什么都不用做,时间久了人就废了。而奴隶则不同,他虽然被强迫劳动。但在劳动的过程中他会进步:

I.   他变得能够压抑住自己内心的欲望,因为被强迫劳动不能休息,他只能忍着把事情干完,这个过程中他忍住了自己的生物欲望。奴隶最初因为无法克制生物欲望而沦为奴隶,如今他取得了进步

II.   随着他们劳动内容的多变和丰富,他们会为了劳动,发明和改进自己的方法和工具,研究如何扩大效率的同时降低体力成本,久而久之他们便获得了“创造性“ 这时候奴隶就会发现,一切都是他们靠着自己的双手创造的,自己才是劳动的实施者,主人什么都没干,能力还不如我强,那我还给他工作干嘛,奴隶的自我意识便会觉醒.
​
那么奴隶要怎么推翻他们的主人呢。在历史上,基督教,基督教推崇的是平等的意识,人人平等是基督教非常重要的价值观。在主奴关系中,奴隶比主人更渴望平等。但主人不想平等,他们赖以生存的恰恰是那高于奴隶的优越感。因此,基督教一定程度上传播着奴隶的意志,但是光靠信仰是无法推翻主人的,基督教所追寻的平等和自由并非真实存在于世上。
 
黑格尔认为,法国大革命后出现的现代自由民主国家,就是基督教的平等自由理念在现世的体现。法国大革命推翻了象征着主人的波旁王朝,其次便是大革命后出现的“人权宣言“,”法律面前人人平等“可以被理解为基督教中的自由平等意识在人间的体现。




Master slave dialectics:
Once the master-slave relationship is formed, it does not mean that it will last forever. The master has the slave to do all the work, and does not have to do anything himself. After a long time, the man will become obsolete. A slave, on the other hand, was forced to work. But in the course of his Labour he will improve:

I. He becomes able to suppress his inner desires, and because forced labor does not allow him to rest, he has to endure to get things done, suppressing his biological desires in the process. Originally enslaved because he could not control his biological desires, he now made progress

II. Varied and rich as their labor content, they will to work, invention and improve their own methods and tools, study how to expand the efficiency and reduce energy cost, over time they won the "creative" at that time slaves can discover, everything is by their own hands to create, they are the perpetrators of labor, The master has done nothing and is less capable than I am, so why should I give him a job? The self-consciousness of the slave will be awakened.
​
So how do slaves overthrow their masters? Historically, Christianity, Christianity advocates equality, equality for all is a very important Value of Christianity. In a master-slave relationship, the slave desires equality more than the master does. But masters do not want to be equal. They live by the very sense of superiority over slaves. Therefore, Christianity spreads the will of slaves to a certain extent, but faith alone cannot overthrow the master, and the equality and freedom pursued by Christianity do not really exist in the world.

Hegel believed that the modern liberal and democratic countries emerged after the French Revolution were the embodiment of the Christian idea of equality and freedom in the world. The French Revolution overthrew the Bourbon dynasty, the symbol of the master, followed by the Declaration of Human Rights after the Revolution. "Everyone is equal before the law" can be understood as the embodiment of the Christian consciousness of freedom and equality in the human world.

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Philosophical research -- Hegel, Master-Slave dialectic (I)

4/28/2022

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“And it is solely by risking life that freedom is obtained; only thus is it tried and proved that the essential nature of self-consciousness is not bare existence, is not the merely immediate form in which it at first makes its appearance, is not its mere absorption in the expanse of life. Rather it is thereby guaranteed that there is nothing present but what might be taken as a vanishing moment — that self-consciousness is merely pure self-existence, being-for-self. The individual, who has not staked his life, may, no doubt, be recognized as a Person; but he has not attained the truth of this recognition as an independent self-consciousness.”              ————Master-slave dialectic by Hegel
 
黑格尔对于独立意识的资格要求很高,只有敢把命拿出来放在赌桌上的人才配能成为独立。 面对哲学家的观点时往往先要抛去”正确或是错误“的想法,先去想想这些观点“为什么”被提出。人的自我意识由”自我认知“,”自我体验“以及”自我控制“所构成。黑格尔的意思我理解为,假如世界上没有他人,这三个要素都无法完成。 

举个例子,PUA(pick-up artist),其原本是指男性接受过系统化学习、实践并不断更新提升、自我完善情商的行为,后来泛指很会吸引异性、让异性着迷的人和其相关行为,在如今的中国社会环境则更多的理解为感情诈骗。 PUA实际上就是在摧毁对方的自我意识。
 
”你不好“,”你对自己不满意“,”你要按照我说的去做才能成为一个更好的人“。PUA的受害者都是这种评价与判断的接收者,之所以PUA被社会抵制,正是因为人们知道他们需要和能够给予自己客观评价的人在一起。因为需要,所以重要,人的“自己”很大程度上是他人反应给你的,人的最初被评价来源于父母,随着人生还会遇到老师,朋友,老板。人们会诉说,会反驳,会争辩,会抱怨。当这些话被说出的时候, 人内在的自认为独立和饱满的个体对他人的“承认”的渴望。
 
黑格尔认为:人类在原始社会中与动物不同的点就在于,他们内心有一种超越所有物质的强烈激情:“寻求承认”。一旦人得不到外界的承认,他便会感到自我意识面临崩塌,人与人的斗争便开始了。斗争的结果往往是,一方冒着生命的危险豁出去了,而另一方则为了保全性命认怂了,主奴关系形成。主之所以为主,奴之所以为奴,不在于物质财务的的多少,阶级地位的高低,而在于他们对待死亡的态度。奴隶出于对死亡的恐惧自甘成为奴隶,主人则通过证明自己可以完全的超越“自我保护”这个强大的生物本能得以宣称自己是一个完全自由的人。 
 
“And it is solely by risking life that freedom is obtained; only thus is it tried and proved that the essential nature of self-consciousness is not bare existence, is not the merely immediate form in which it at first makes its appearance, is not its mere absorption in the expanse of life. Rather it is thereby guaranteed that there is nothing present but what might be taken as a vanishing moment — that self-consciousness is merely pure self-existence, being-for-self. The individual, who has not staked his life, may, no doubt, be recognized as a Person; but he has not attained the truth of this recognition as an independent self-consciousness.”              ————Master-slave dialectic by Hegel
 
Hegel's qualification for independence consciousness is very high, and only those who dare to put their lives on the gambling table deserve to be independent. When confronted with a philosopher's point of view, it is often necessary to put aside the "right or wrong" idea and consider the "why" of the point of view. A person's self-awareness consists of "self-knowledge", "self-experience" and "self-control". What Hegel means, I understand, is that none of these elements can be accomplished without other people in the world.
 
For example, PUA (pick-up artist) originally refers to the behavior of men who have received systematic learning and practice and constantly updated and improved their emotional intelligence. Later, PUA generally refers to those who are very attractive and attractive to the opposite sex and their related behaviors. In today's Chinese social environment, PUA is more understood as emotional fraud. PUA is essentially destroying the other person's sense of self.
 
"You are not good." "You are not happy with yourself." "You need to do what I tell you to be a better person." The victims of PUA are the recipients of this evaluation and judgment, and PUA is rejected by society precisely because people know they need to be with someone who can give them an objective evaluation. Because of need, so important. A person's "self" is to a large extent reflected by others. A person's initial evaluation comes from his/her parents. Along with his/her life, he/she will meet teachers, friends and bosses. People will talk, people will argue, people will complain. When these words are spoken, the desire for "acceptance" of others is inherent in the individual who thinks of himself as independent and full.
 
Hegel believed that the difference between human beings and animals in primitive society is that they have a strong passion in their hearts beyond all material things: "seeking recognition". As soon as a man is denied external recognition, he will feel that his sense of self is facing collapse, and the struggle between man and man begins. The result of the struggle is that one side risks his life, while the other side gives up to save his life, and the relationship between master and slave is formed. The reason why the master is the master and the slave is the slave is not the amount of material financial and class status, but their attitude towards death. The slave willingly became a slave out of fear of death, and the master claimed to be a fully free man by proving that he could transcend the powerful biological instinct of self-preservation.
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Philosophical Research -- What is Political Philosophy

4/27/2022

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The following are my personal opinions

​从古至今,世界各地的智者都在思考如何去达到一个美好的生活。从这个目标作为起点,随着时间推进逐渐演化成了如何构建“理想社会”,最终成为了如今我们所说的政治哲学。 
 
假设剥夺一个人身上所有象征着文明的事物( 社会习俗,信仰,民族,国籍,私有财产,语言知识,科学与技术等) 。人类被丢回那个古老的时代,那个与动物一样争夺生存资源的世界,人与人之间的相处会有何不同,人类的社会又会呈现出什么样的外貌呢。 这样无政府无资源的社会会产生什么问题 。以这样的假设为模板,人们应该如何为现实社会设计制度去规避不安定的因素和解决潜在的问题,这便是政治哲学。 
 
这一切推理的起点,来自于不同的哲学家对于“人性”的认知和和假设。从柏拉图的理想国开始,到亚里士多德”形而上学“,到马基雅维利的”政治无道德“到霍布斯的机械唯物主义和他的“利维坦” , 到洛克的社会契约论和《人类理解论》。可以发现一个很有趣的现象那就是随着时代的变迁,哲学家们的想法真的越来越悲观。
 
Since ancient times, wise men all over the world have been thinking about how to achieve a good life. Starting from this goal, it evolved over time into how to build an "ideal society" and eventually into what we now call a political philosophy.
 
Imagine depriving a person of everything that symbolizes civilization (social customs, beliefs, ethnicity, nationality, private property, knowledge of language, science and technology, etc.). Human beings are thrown back to that ancient time, the world that competes with animals for survival resources, how will people get along with each other, and what kind of appearance will human society present? What are the problems of a society without government or resources?With this assumption as the template, how people should design institutions for the real society to avoid unstable factors and solve potential problems. This political philosophy.
 
The starting point of all this reasoning comes from different philosophers' cognition and hypothesis of "human nature". From Plato’s Republic (Πολιτεία) to Aristotle's metaphysics (μεταφυσικά), to Machiavelli's Machiavellianism (The Prince), to Hobbes' mechanical materialism and his “Leviathan”, to Locke's social contract and his “
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”. It's interesting to see that philosophers have become more pessimistic over time.

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Philosophical Study -- Nietzsche, The Will to Power 《The Flies in the Market-Place》

4/17/2022

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在《查拉图斯特拉如是说》中尼采有这么一篇文章,《The Flies in the Market-Place》。《市场的苍蝇》描绘的是尼采眼中的社会,一个充斥着“大人物”和“苍蝇”的市场。大人物,及能在社会这个大舞台上占有一席之地之人,演员,政客,商人和媒体等。这些Great man是当代社会人民们的支配着。而这种支配,则是通过制造声浪。
 
大人物们通过制造足够大的动静,让整个世界充斥着他们的声音从而变得喧嚣不堪。他们通过骇人听闻的标题,新奇有趣的概念以及甜美庞大的梦想使人们为之疯狂。普通人轻易的被支配,被“大人物”玩弄于股掌之间,如木偶般被操控并说出“大人物”想要他们说出的“正确”与“错误”。而这些普通人就是尼采口中的“苍蝇”。是尼采认为的超人的对立面,理想世界的敌人,是世界的“弱者”
 
“They buzz around you also with their praise: obtrusiveness is their praise. They want to be close to your skin and your blood.
They flatter you, as one flatters a God or devil; they whimper before you, as before a God or devil; What does it come to! Flatterers are they, and whimperers, and nothing more.”
                                                                             ——《The Flies in the Market-Place》
 
尼采认为,他们假惺惺的装作可怜,目的就是接近“超人“和强者并施以毒手。他们狡猾,狭隘,奸诈。他们嫉妒强者,他们憎恨强者,认为他的强大映衬出自己的渺小,因此所做的一切就是尽可能地对强者进行报复,污蔑,嘲弄以及补刀。
 
除了苍蝇,尼采对于弱者的定义还远不止如此。末等人,末等人过着饮鸩止渴的生活,用短站的虚幻享乐来当作人生最大的幸福,最终荒废一身。末等人不明白“超越”为何物,他们从来不会产生要变强变好的想法,甘愿泯然于众人,尼采说:“它的种族像跳蚤一样无法消灭。“
 
虽然,话非常难听,但这却是就是尼采的性格会写出来的东西,也不要因为尼采对于社会的弱者有如此强的嫌弃和敌意而感到悲伤。时代问题也从中得以发掘,随着社会的发展,“大人物“只会在社会中更加立稳脚跟,人们的生活局限性被持续地放大。在如今的社会,不是所有人从出生就有选择的权利了,等时候到了,想要“超越”了,却因为社会的局限性而被迫处于了“末等人“的阶段。

我们能描绘出尼采所构建出的食物链。他们由大人物,弱者和强者构成。大人物是戒律与规则的制定者,他们支配着弱者。弱者的特点可以概括为绝大多数的堕落的标志(狡猾狭隘仇恨嫉妒不努力纵欲不做出改变却追求平等),他们屈从于大人物所指定的规则,所以他们攻击并伤害挑战这些道德戒律的强者。

                                                                                                                                                          ————Eric Zhang
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Philosophical Study -- Nietzsche, The Will to Power(III)

4/11/2022

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很多时候社会道德和定义权往往被见多识广的精英们垄断在手中,普通人们只能像骆驼一样一味的负重。而要把这种权力抢回来回到每个人自己的手中,必须要从骆驼,变成狮子。
 
“你要自由干什么?
你能把你自定的善与恶给予你自己,把你的意志像法律一样高悬在你的头上吗?你能做你自定的法律的法官和惩罚者吗?”                     ————《创造者的道路》尼采
 
狮子所做的其实很简单,单纯的抢夺权力,抢夺自由,抢夺自己定义和实现自我价值的自由。它是一个过渡阶段的精神层次,是改变的象征。虽然狮子能把定义善恶的权利夺回来,但是它并不具备“自定的善恶“,”你的意志“以及”你自订的法律“
 
因此精神就需要第三段变化,第三个阶段,婴儿
 
“Innocence is the child, and forgeting, a new beginning, a game, a self[1]propelling wheel, a first movement, a sacred Yes.“          ————《THE THREE METAMORPHOSES》尼采
 
“超人“的诞生犹如一个新生儿,他是一切的重启,是当所有的现有道德被抛弃重新制定的提示。
 
至此三段变化完成,尼采认为美好的生活和“超人“的前提来自于创造性,以此为前提人们不应该顺从和接受既有道德,而是应该抢夺重估道德的权力并根据自己来重塑新的道德,属于自己的道德。骆驼和狮子都不具备创造性,一个接受一个抢夺。只有作为新生儿的“超人”才真正具备创造性。
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Philosophical Study -- Nietzsche, The Will to Power(II)

4/9/2022

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创造性为什么重要,为什么它是构成“超人”的必要条件
人们会把世上的一切赋予一个价值,而人要做的就是“评价“
人对于什么是正确什么是错误的应当有一个创造性的判断与评价,离开了评价与判断,那么一切便犹如虚无失去意义。“评价既是创造,没有了评价,则存在毫无意义“
 
大部分时候人们判断世间万物都是站在“我是一个人“的视角,以自己的尺度去评价,如今已知的世间万物的价值与等级次序并非他们的本身价值,而是人以自己的了解和尺度去评价的。对于很多昆虫来说他们所做的不过是活下去,但往往被定义为害虫,正是因为对于人类本身他们的存在和行为被挂上了坏的评价。
 
人们对于事物的认知往往缺乏实然性,人们拒绝接受或是不了解事物实际上是什么样子的,人们往往是应然性的,事物在人们看来应该是什么样才是正确的。这些傲慢,这些自私的基因,却使“个人“,”独立意志“以及”我“这些词逐渐被得到建立。
 
实然没有“我“,只有众生,唯有应然出现,“我“便随之到来
 
“自我“并不应该是单纯的言语和行为方式所呈现的,它是人们对于自己和周围的一种深刻的评价与判断。从一个单纯的道德接收者,成为道德的创造者,唯独对这一切有属于自己的想法和判断,“你”才真正成为了“你“,“我”也因此变得完整
 
自我根源于人们的价值观,把一切事物的定义权牢牢掌握在自己的手里,形成一套属于自己的个人哲学。为什么很多时候即便有所告诫我们依然愿意自己再次踏过这些别人已经踏过的坑洞,因为那是别人的世界,是苍白空洞的,只有被自己真实经历定义和评价的事物才是真实的。

Why is creativity important, and why is it necessary to be a “superman”
People put a value on everything in the world, and all they have to do is “Evaluate”.
People should have a creative judgment and evaluation of what is right and what is wrong. Without evaluation, everything is meaningless as nothingness. "Evaluation is creation, and without evaluation, existence is meaningless."
 
Most of the time, people judge all things in the world from the perspective of "I am a person" and evaluate them according to their own scale. The value and rank order of all things in the world known today is not their Own Value, but people's own understanding and scale to evaluate. For many insects, all they do is survive, but they are often defined as pests precisely because their existence and behavior are viewed in a bad light by humans.
 
People's cognition of things is often lack of reality, people refuse to accept or do not understand what things are actually like, people tend to be spontaneous, things in people's eyes should be “what is right”. These arrogance, these selfish genes, gradually created the words "individual," "independent will," and "I."
 
 There is no "I" for the reality world, only sentient beings. Only when “Should” appear, "I" will come
 
"Self" should not be presented simply by words and behaviors, but is a profound evaluation and judgment of people on themselves and their surroundings. From a simple receiver of morality to a creator of morality, only when you have your own thoughts and judgments about all these things, you can truly become "You" and "I" become complete
 
The ego is rooted in people's values. They firmly grasp the right to define everything in their hands and form a set of personal philosophy belonging to them. Why are we so often willing to step into the holes that others have already stepped into, even when we are warned. Because it is someone else's world, pale and empty.  Only what is defined and evaluated by one's own real experience is real.

                                                                                                                         -- - Eric Zhang

                                                                                                                                                        ————Eric Zhang
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Philosophical Study -- Nietzsche, The Will to Power(1)

4/8/2022

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理想社会是什么样的,不同的人对于这一观念都会有不同的定义,基于他们所经历的。
对于尼采来说,一个理想的社会便是由超人所组成的社会。
 
 “超人“,这个词在尼采的德语阐述中为:”Übermensch“,那么什么是超人,如何成为超人,很简单,具有创造性。
 
在尼采的著名书籍中《Also sprach Zarathustra》(查拉图斯特拉如是说)有一篇文章名为《三段变化》,这篇文章可以很好地解释何为“超人”。
 
尼采用三种生物:骆驼、狮子、婴儿来譬喻人类精神的变化。精神会由骆驼变成狮子,再由狮子变成婴儿。这么看很玄乎对吧,那我们来一个一个剖析。
 
骆驼是第一个精神阶段(负重)。 “精神的强力渴望重和更重的负担”
 
负荷的重力越大,承受越多的苦难,精神便会被锻炼的越发坚韧。 我经常在街头看到中学生,觉得他们真是非常辛苦,就和我那时候一样,每天上学背着沉重的书包。尼采认为,处于这个精神阶段,人们趋向于去承担更大的负担,就犹如背着重负趋向沙漠的骆驼,他们的精神也如此匆忙的冲向了它的沙漠。
 
人们作为“骆驼”,拥有十分强大的精神力,但依然面对一个重大的阻碍,这个阻碍叫做“you should”。也就是自上而下的道德,道德是一个又一个以”should“或是”shouldn’t‘“为开头的祈使句。尼采描述道德为悬挂在每个人头顶的象征着美德的石碑。道德就像这个石碑,自上而下,他们是戒律,来自于任何意识传输者(领导,君王,宗教,信仰,导师,父母,智者。。。。)
 
道德这种自上而下的权威性带了的问题是,它淹没了人的“具体个人“(你的需求不重要,你的道德想要你干什么才重要),就比如人们对于长辈要的态度,对于性取向的态度等等,个人思想被社会道德狠狠的践踏,他的自上而下性不允许我们产生异议。因此道德往往不代表美好生活,它很多时候也可能成为阻碍生活的障碍。
 
这便是骆驼的问题,也是他最终驶向精神荒漠的原因。处于这个精神阶段的人们一味的负重,为了高高在上的“正确”和“应该”所背负,被道德所绑架。骆驼从来不会反思也不会问为什么,他们所做的只是抱着敬畏之心盲从一切社会道德,无论好坏。因此,这样的精神丧失了独立性和创造性,只剩下了服从性。
 
p.s 尼采所讨论的“自上而下”的道德并不代表了道德的全部,只是特指了这些高高在上的道德。自下而上的基于经历的和孕育自社会习俗中的道德以及个人道德都不在尼采的讨论范围之内,不是一棒子打死。(这也是尼采很容易被误读的原因,后面还会有很多这种走在钢丝上的理论,一不小心就可能会歪)

Different people have different definitions of what an ideal society would be, based on what they've experienced.
For Nietzsche, the ideal society is a society of supermen.
 
The word "superman" in Nietzsche's German interpretation is "Ubermensch". So what is a superman and how to be a superman: creativity.
 
In Nietzsche's famous book ”Also Sprach Zarathustra“, there is a passage called "The Three Metamorphoses" that is a good explanation of what a superman is.
 
Nietzsche uses three kinds of creatures: camel, lion, baby to compare the change of human mind. The mind and spirit changes from a camel to a lion, and from a lion to a baby. It's a little confusing, isn't it? Let's break it down one by one.
 
The camel is the first mental stage (load bearing). "The spirit's mighty longing for heavy and heavier burdens"
 
The greater the weight of the load, the more suffering, the more tenacious the spirit and mind will be trained. I often see middle school students in the street, think they are really very hard, just like me at that time, every day to go to school with a heavy bag. In Nietzsche's view, at this mental stage, people tend to take on a greater burden, like camels carrying a heavy burden to the desert, and their spirit so hastily rushes to its desert.
 
As "camels", people have very strong spirit and mental power, but they still face a major obstacle, which is called "you should". That's morality from the top down, these morality are imperative sentence after imperative sentence starting with "You should" or "You shouldn't". Nietzsche described morality as a monument of virtue hanging over everyone's head. Morals are like this stone tablet, from top to bottom, they are commandments, from any transmission of consciousness (leader, king, religion, faith, teacher, parent, wise man...).
 
Moral the top-down authority with the problem is that it covered the "individual person" (what you need is not important, what your moral want you to do is important), such as people's attitude to their elders, towards sexual orientation, etc., the individual thought is social morality mercilessly trampled, his top-down property does not allow us to object. Therefore, morality often does not represent a good life, and it can often become an obstacle to life.
 
That's the problem with the camel, and that's why they ended up in a spiritual desert. In this mental stage, people blindly load, in order to carry the "right" and "should" on the high, kidnapped by morality. Camels never reflect or ask why, all they do is follow all social morals, good and bad, with awe. Therefore, such a spirit loses independence and creativity, and only obedience is left.
 
P. s. Nietzsche's discussion of "top-down" morality does not represent the whole of morality, but specifically refers to these high morality. Bottom-up morality based on experience and nurtured from social conventions as well as individual morality are not part of Nietzsche's discussion. (This is one of the reasons why Nietzsche is so easily misinterpreted, and there will be more of these high-wire theories that can go sideways if you're not careful.)
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游戏鉴赏:Spiritfarer 灵魂摆渡人

4/7/2022

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Death. It's parting from others. A hug, a listen, hope you don't leave regret
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​不同于2020其他的游戏大作,Spiritfarer像是这冷淡游戏市场中的一股暖流,一杯热巧克力。灵魂摆渡人 Spiritfarer 由来自加拿大蒙特利尔的Thunder Lotus Games开发的独立冒险游戏。该游戏于2020年8月18日发布。而它所探讨的中心思想,是死亡。
 
死亡是一个沉重的话题,在大部分文娱作品中创作者往往使用黑暗和现实来呈现这个悲观的主题。但是Spiritfarer却给玩家提供了一个丰富多彩的死后世界,一个热情温暖的拥抱。
 
有些时候我很讨厌把游戏分门别类,我可以说Spiritfarer是一个故事驱动的基地管理2D动作平台游戏,但这样也太不浪漫了不是吗。在我心中Spiritfarer是独一无二的,它是一场华丽的动作冒险,一本优美的回忆录。
 
玩家所扮演的是刚来到冥界的新死者Stella,随着她一起的是一只 名为水仙花的猫猫(本地联机的话是第二位玩家)。Stella将会接手成为新的摆渡人,代替卡戎(Charon,原型为希腊神话中的冥界摆渡人,特色元素就是摆渡船,这应该也是游戏内船只和航行元素的来源之一)。
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​玩家将驾驶船只在充满魔幻色彩的海域和岛屿之间穿梭,帮助并寻找迷失的灵魂,解开他们心结或是完成心中的遗憾,在前往冥界之门的过程中陪伴他们走完这最后一程。已这样的目标为主线,任务线将带领玩家游历这片充满生机的海域,美丽的村庄,繁华的城市,白雪皑皑的灯塔,甚至是迷雾深处的森林。
 
游戏整体地图很大很开放,但是船只要想到达特定区域需要收集资源来升级。对于资源的渴望以及主线的任务线很巧妙引导玩家探寻一片又一片海域,登上一座又一座新的岛屿,接纳一个又一个迷失的灵魂。选择目的地,让船只自动驾驶,而在这期间,加工材料,钓鱼,种菜,与npc互动,做任何你想做的事情。
 
游戏中所需要帮助的灵魂很多,每一个不管是性格,人设还是经历都独一无二。因此需要对待每个人的态度都会有所不同,有的热情洋溢,有的平静聪慧,有的温柔和蔼,有的傲慢无礼。他们的任务线也大相径庭,即便都是收集不同的材料,他们的对话以及特殊要求也不会让玩家感到疲惫和无聊。
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​Spiritfarer作为一个看似休闲的游戏,却有着巨大的内容和事情要做,其中会穿插各种有时间限制的物品收集挑战。Spiritfarer的日夜循环(晚上船不动的)总是让我觉得我有更多的事情要做,而不是有足够的时间去完成所有的事情,但如果我的行动缓慢的话,其实我并没有受到什么惩罚。他没有任务截止时间,你放慢脚步唯一要做的就是花更多的时间陪伴npc,照顾他们的生活和精神需求,而这一部分往往是这款游戏带来的最让人享受的一部分。
“高效地兼顾任务是一种有趣的挑战,而我从不会从中感到挫败和惩罚。”这是我从最初接触这款游戏到结束都一直保持着的印象。
 
正如我前文提到的,收集材料和加工材料是游戏中重要的一环,从砍树到锯木头,从种树养羊到加工成丝线和布,每一个步骤都是一个小游戏,很多很杂。但这一部分其实也体现出了Spiritfarer资源位置设计的合理性,这些看似冗长的资源收集和加工,其实只要慢慢的探索就基本都能找齐物品,而每一个新的任务,每一次新的岛屿出现,每一次新的升级完成都进一步的推动了玩家的探索欲望,从而形成正向循环,我很欣赏这款游戏在这方面考虑。
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​在游戏中玩家的主要任务就是寻找新的灵魂并陪伴他们走完这最后的一程,每个灵魂都有自己的拟人动物外形,有着独特的故事要解开,有独特的房子要建造,并且对于食物,兴趣爱好和生活环境都有着不同的需求。玩家往往需要学习他们的生活习惯来做出不同的应对。通过美食和温暖的拥抱(每位角色都有独特的拥抱动画,这也是我游戏中最享受的一部分内容之一,这些动画的微表情和细节往往也巧妙地揭露了人物的性格)让精神保持快乐,也会让他们参与你的旅程,有时收集资源或种植植物。
 
提到建造房屋,就要回归一下游戏的玩法设计部分了。这款游戏结合了2D平台移动以及基地建造元素,游戏中每位npc的房屋以及工厂农田等工具性建筑的外形设计的各不相同,像是一个又一个的俄罗斯方块而正是这种设计,巧妙地将2d横板平台跳跃结合到了基地建造之中。游戏过程中有很多在船上进行的资源收集小游戏,比如不断降落到船上不同方位的流星或是追逐穿梭于船上的小虫,而这些小游戏的地图就是玩家自己设计的船只,因此玩家如何摆放建筑决定了不同的滑索,梯子和平台所在的位置和高度,换句话说,玩家自己就是地图设计师。
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​虽然大部分时候资源不会太过匮乏,但往往还是会出现需要往返跑的情况,很多游戏都有这样的毛病,在获得特殊能力之前无法完成对一个区域的全部收集,特别是当越来越多的地图向你开放时。但我却能几个小时一直断断续续得玩下去,我总是觉得在那段时间里我有一个明确的目标,尽管游戏中很少有明确的"主要"目标来领导我。新的灵魂会从你的船上来来去去,提供新的资源,然后解锁新的区域,解锁新的灵魂,解锁新的能力等等。这个公式在最后确实变得可以预测,但你看到的角色和地点仍然如此美妙和多样化,如果有额外的灵魂可以招募,我本来可以很乐意继续前进。
 
但是,当他们来的时候,他们也走了。这是Spiritfarer玩的最残酷的伎俩:它让你照顾灵魂的饮食,拥抱并爱上这些可爱,古怪的角色,让他们在船上帮忙,为他们建造可爱的房屋......然后他们必须离开。这份工作的这一部分在一开始就明确地向你解释过了,但是当我第一次得知一位灵魂向我提出请求前往永恒之门离开这个世界时,我发现我舍不得,尤其是当你已经陪伴并了解了这些角色。我自私地拖延了尽可能长的时间,但最终我还是会屈服,完成他们这最后的心愿。每个角色的故事和带来的感情都不相同,所以我也不建议在玩这款游戏是看剧情相关的攻略,这样才能在游玩时获得百分百的泪目体验。如果说一个优秀的剧情导向游戏需要的是将情感带给屏幕外的玩家,那么《Spiritfarer》做到了,并且让人回味无穷。
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​Spiritfarer对于生与死的见解很特别,设计师也在游戏的各个角落很好的阐述了这些独特的观点。我得承认,并不是每一个角色的人设都如此讨喜,但是每个让我产生强大共鸣的角色都让我难以说出再见。
 
即便摆渡灵魂这个主题看似抑郁,但是Spiritfarer所展现出来的内容则从来不让人感到沮丧。作为一款优秀的游戏,就像游戏主角Stella一直给予的温暖的拥抱一样,即便到了最后这游戏也能在这看似城中的主题下让我保持积极感。而这其中部分原因在于它清新脱俗的动作设计,带动情感的音乐以及非凡的美术风格。
 
《Spiritfarer》使用颜色的方式(特别是在白天转换的时候)非常壮观,它的所有动画——从独特的拥抱到你的小猫玩光球——都令人印象深刻。它的音乐也是我在最近的记忆中最喜欢的游戏之一,与《Ori》等游戏的管弦乐之美不相上下。尽管总是有任务需要完成,但我经常会发现自己只是站在船头,关闭UI,看着日落,享受驶向新岛屿的时刻。
圖片
《Spiritfarer》是一款动作平台游戏和《动物森友会》风格的城镇管理游戏的完美结合,是我一整年玩的最独特、最有趣的游戏之一。它冗长的故事冒险中充满了迷人的角色和忧郁感人的故事,即便有时繁多的任务让人疲惫。但与许多其他资源收集游戏一样,玩家没有太多压力去刷任务或匆忙。所以在快节奏的游戏环境下不妨挑个时间静下心来,体验《Spiritfarer》所带了的一段充满休闲与回忆的旅程吧。

                                                                                                                                                           ————Eric Zhang
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    Arthor

    Haotian (Eric) Zhang

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